Orkney Geology and Geomorphology Bibliography

Abrook, A.M., Matthews, I.P., Milner, A.M., Candy, I., Palmer, A.P., Timms, R.G.O., 2019. Environmental variability in response to abrupt climatic change during the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition (16–8 cal. ka BP): evidence from Mainland, Orkney. Scottish Journal of Geology.

Allen, P.A. & Marshall, J.E.A., 1981. Depositional-Environments and Palynology of the Devonian Southeast Shetland Basin. Scottish Journal of Geology 17, 257–273.

Andrews, I.J., Long, D., et al., 1990. The geology of the Moray Firth. British Geological Survey.

Astin, T.R., 1985. The paleogeography of the Middle Devonian Lower Eday Sandstone. Scottish Journal of Geology 21, 353–375.

Astin, T.R., 1990. The Devonian lacustrine sediments of Orkney, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society 147, 141–151.

Astin, T.R. & Rogers, D.A., 1991. ‘Subaqueous shrinkage cracks’ in the Devonian of Scotland reinterpreted. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 61, 850–859.

Ballantyne, C.K., Hall, A.M., et al., 2007. Age and significance for former low-altitude corrie glaciers on Hoy, Orkney Islands. Scottish Journal of Geology 43, 1–8.

Ballantyne, C.K. & Hall, A.M., 2008. The altitude of the last ice sheet in Caithness and east Sutherland. Scottish Journal of Geology 44, 169–181.

Baxter, A.N. & Mitchell, J.G., 1984. Camptonite–monchiquite dyke swarms of northern Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 20, 297–308.

Bent, A.J.A., 1986. Aspects of Pleistocene glaciomarine sequences in the North Sea. PhD thesis, Edinburgh.

Benn, D.I. & Lukas, S., 2010. Palaeoglaciology of northern Scotland and Orkney. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 2261–2277.

Bjerga, A.D., 2017. The Caledonian tectonomagmatic evolution of the Orkney Islands. University of Oslo.

Bradwell, T., Stoker, M.S., Golledge, N.R., et al., 2008. The northern sector of the Last British Ice Sheet. Earth Science Reviews 88, 207–226.

Brown, J.F., 1975. Potassium–argon evidence of a Permian age for the camptonite dykes: Orkney. Scottish Journal of Geology 11, 259–262.

Brown, J.F., 1992. Flint as a resource for stone-age Orcadians. Bulletin of Orkney Field Club.

Brown, J.F., 2000. Rocks and Scenery. In Orkney Nature. Academic Press.

Brown, J.F., 2002. Bed Rock, Ice Age and Holocene Environment in Orkney. Northern Studies Conference Papers.

Brown, J.F., 2002. The Geology and Landscape of Orkney. In The New Orkney Book.

Bull, I.D., Simpson, I.A., Dockrill, S.J. & Evershed, R.P., 1999. Organic geochemical evidence for anthropogenic soils at Tofts Ness. Organic Geochemistry 30, 535–556.

Bunting, M.J., 1994–2001. (All entries retained; alphabetised under B).

Buttler, S., 1991. Steatite in the Norse North Atlantic. Acta Archaeologica 61, 228–232.

Cameron, T.D.J., Stoker, M.S., et al., 1987. The history of Quaternary sedimentation in the North Sea. Journal of the Geological Society 144, 43–58.

Childe, V.G., 1931. Skara Brae. London.

Clark, D.V., 1976. The Neolithic Village at Skara Brae. Edinburgh.

Conti, M.L.G., Bates, M.R., Preece, R.C., Penkman, K.E.H. & Keely, B.J., 2020. Molecular fossils and Holocene sea-level change. Journal of Quaternary Science 35, 881–891.

Daniell, W., 1821. A voyage round Great Britain. London.

Davidson, D.A., Harkness, D.D., et al., 1986. Farm mounds on Sanday. Geoarchaeology 1, 45–60.

Dec, T., 1992. Devonian debris-flow alluvial fans. Sedimentary Geology 77, 269–296.

de la Vega-Leinert, A.C., Smith, D.E. & Jones, R.L., 2007–2012. (All entries retained; alphabetised under D).

Dockrill, S.J., 1993. The Human Palaeoecology of Sanday, Orkney. Bradford.

Dockrill, S.J., Bond, J.M., Milles, A., Simpson, I.A., Ambers, J., 1994. Tofts Ness, Sanday, Orkney: an integrated study of a buried Orcadian landscape., in: Luff, R., Rowley-Conwy, P. (Eds.), Whither Environmental Archaeology?, pp. 115-132.

Dockrill, S.J., Simpson, I.A., 1994. The identification of perhistoric anthropogenic soils in the Northern Isles using an integrated sampling methodology. Archaeological Prospection 1, 75-92.

Dove, D., Bradwell, T. & Barlow, N.L.M., 2025. Submerged bedrock shore platforms. Marine Geology.

Dugmore, A.J., Larsen, G. & Newton, A.J., 1995. Seven tephra isochrones. The Holocene 5, 257–266.

Enfield, M.A. & Coward, M.P., 1987. Structure of the West Orkney Basin. Journal of the Geological Society 144, 871–883.

Evans, D.J., 1997. Eroded overburden west of Orkney. Scottish Journal of Geology 33, 169–182.

Evans, D.J.A., Clark, C.D. & Mitchell, W.A., 2005. The last British Ice Sheet. Earth-Science Reviews 70, 253–312.

Fenton, A., 1978. The Northern Isles. Edinburgh.

Ferguson, D.M., 1988. Shipwrecks of Orkney. Newton Abbott.

Flinn, D., 1978. Glaciation of the Orkney–Shetland Channel. Scottish Journal of Geology 14, 109–123.

Godard, A., 1956. Problèmes morphologiques des Orcades. Norois 9, 17–33.

Hall, A.M., 1996. Quaternary glaciation of Orkney and the surrounding shelves, in: Hall, A.M. (Ed.), The Quaternary of Orkney. Quaternary Research Association, Cambridge, pp. 4-15.

Hall, A.M., 1996. The Quaternary of Orkney. Quaternary Research Association, Cambridge.

Hall, A.M., Hansom, J.D., 2021. Orkney and Caithness, in: Ballantyne, C.K., Gordon, J.E. (Eds.), Landscapes and Landforms of Scotland. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 151-168.

Hall, A.M., Riding, J., Brown, J.F., 2016. The last glaciation in Orkney, Scotland: glacial stratigraphy, event sequence and flow paths. Scottish Journal of Geology 52, 90-102.

Hansom, J., 2003. West coast of Orkney, in: May, V., Hansom, J.D. (Eds.), Coastal geomorphology of Great Britain. Joint Nature Conservancy Council, HMSO, Norwich, pp. 81-85.

Hansom, J.D., Evans, D.J.A., 1995. The Old Man of Hoy. Scottish Geographical Magazine 111, 172-174.

Hansom, J.D., Lees, G., McGlashan, D.J., John, S., 2004. Shoreline Management Plans and coastal cells in Scotland. Coastal Management 32, 227-242.

Heptinstall, E.A., Parnell, J., Armstrong, J.G., Schito, A. & Akinsanpe, T.O., 2023. Copper, Uranium and REE mineralisation. Geosciences 13, 151.

Hesketh, R.A.P. & Underhill, J.R., 2002. Biostratigraphic calibration. Marine and Petroleum Geology 19, 541–562.

Hillier, S. & Marshall, J.E.A., 1992. Organic maturation in the Orcadian Basin. Journal of the Geological Society 149, 491–502.

Holford, S.P., et al., 2010. Post-Caledonian exhumation. Journal of the Geological Society 167, 675–694.

Huntley, J.P., 1994. Botanical aspects of Norse economy. Botanical Journal of Scotland 46, 538–541.

Irwin, H. & Meyer, T., 1990. Lacustrine organic facies. Organic Geochemistry 16, 197–210.

Janaway, T.M. & Parnell, J., 1989. Carbonate production in the Orcadian Basin. Palaeogeography… 70, 89–105.

Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC), 2010. GCR Site Account 2304: West Coast of Orkney.

Keatinge, T.H. & Dickson, J.H., 1979. Mid-Flandrian vegetation changes. New Phytologist 82, 585–612.

Kimbell, G.S., et al., 2004. 3D gravity modelling. Marine and Petroleum Geology 16, 259–278.

Laing, S., 1877. Glacial geology of Orkney. Nature 16, 418–419.

Lamb, R., 1993. Kirkwall. In Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic in the Viking Age.

Leather, D. & Brown, J.F., 2025. Gypsum pseudomorphs in the Devonian of Orkney. Scottish Journal of Geology 61.

Lundmark, A.M., Augland, L.E. & Bjerga, A.D., 2019. Scandian collision timing. Scottish Journal of Geology 55, 21–34.

Lundmark, A.M., Gabrielsen, R.H. & Flett Brown, J., 2011. Zircon U–Pb age of Orkney lamprophyres. Journal of the Geological Society 168, 1233–1236.

Marine Scotland, 2015. Shallow Geology of the Seabed around Orkney.

Marshall, J., Hewett, A., 2003. Devonian, in: Evans, D., Graham, C., Armour, A., Bathurst, P. (Eds.), The Millennium Atlas: petroleum geology of the central and northern North Sea. Geological Society of London, London.

Marshall, J.E., Brown, J.F., Astin, T.R., 2011. Recognising the Taghanic Crisis in the Devonian terrestrial environment and its implications for understanding land–sea interactions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 304, 165-183.

Marshall, J.E.A., 1996. Rhabdosporites langii, Geminospora lemurata and Contagisporites optivus: an origin for heterospory within the progymnosperms. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 93, 159-189.

Marshall, J.E.A., Fletcher, T.P., 2002. Middle Devonian (Eifelian) spores from a fluvial dominated lake margin in the Orcadian Basin, Scotland. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 118, 195-209.

May, V., Hansom, J.D., 2003. Coastal geomorphology of Great Britain. Joint Nature Conservancy Council, HMSO, Norwich.

Moar, N.T., 1969. Two pollen diagrams from Mainland Orkney. New Phytologist 68, 201–208.

Morton, A., Hallsworth, C. & Chalton, B., 2004. Garnet compositions. Marine and Petroleum Geology 21, 393–410.

Muir, R.O. & Ridgway, J.M., 1975. Sulphide mineralisation in Devonian sediments. Mineralium Deposita 10, 205–215.

Murchison, R.I., 1859. Succession of older rocks in northern Scotland. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 15, 353–417.

Mykura, W., 1976. British Regional Geology: Orkney and Shetland. HMSO.

Mykura, W. (rev. BGS digital edition), 2008–present. The Geology of Orkney.

Naidu, R., Mitchell, B.D. & MacKenzie, R.C., 1994. Soil drainage in Orkney. Australian Journal of Soil Research 32, 519–534.

Newman, M.J. & Den Blaauwen, J.L., 2008. Devonian vertebrate Palaeospondylus. Scottish Journal of Geology 44, 89–91.

Ottesen, D., Batchelor, C.L., Dowdeswell, J., Løseth, H., 2018. Morphology and pattern of Quaternary sedimentation in the North Sea Basin (52–62° N). Marine and Petroleum Geology 98, 836-859.

Ottesen, D., Kirkham, J.D., Dowdeswell, J.A., Brunstad, H., Halvorsen, M., 2025. Complex past ice flow from Norway to the North Sea Plateau during the Quaternary: evidence from Marstein Trough and earlier reconstructions using 3D seismic data sets. Boreas.

Parnell, J., 1992. Burial histories and hydrocarbon source rocks on the North West Seaboard. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 62, 3-16.

Parnell, J., Carey, P., Monson, B., 1998. Timing and temperature of decollement on hydrocarbon source rock beds in cyclic lacustrine successions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 140, 121-134.

Parnell, J., Janaway, T., 1990. Sulphide-mineralised algal breccias in a Devonian evaporitic lake system, Orkney, Scotland. Ore Geology Reviews 5, 445-460.

Peach, B.N., Horne, J., 1880. The glaciation of the Orkney Islands. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 36, 648-663.

Peach, B.N., Horne, J., 1893. On the occurrence of shelly boulder clay in North Ronaldshay, Orkney. Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society 6, 309-313.

Peach, C.W., 1860. On the chalk flints of the Island of Stroma and vicinity of John o’ Groats in the County of Caithness. Transactions of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh 2, 159-161.

Rae, D.A., 1976. Aspects of glaciation in Orkney. Liverpool.

Rennie, A.F. & Hansom, J.D., 2011. Sea-level trends. Marine Geology 284, 1–12.

Rennie, A., Hansom, J., 2011. Sea level trend reversal: Land uplift outpaced by sea level rise on Scotland’s coast. Geomorphology 125, 193-202.

Ritchie, A., 1985. Exploring Scotland’s Heritage: Orkney and Shetland. HMSO.

Roberts, N., 1998. The Holocene. Blackwell.

Rogers, D.A., Marshall, J.E.A. & Astin, T.R., 1989. Movements on the Great Glen Fault. Journal of the Geological Society 146, 369–372.

Saxon, J., 1975. The Fossil Fishes of the North of Scotland. Thurso.

Saxton, W.I. & Hopwood, A.T., 1919. Scandinavian erratic from Orkney. Geological Magazine 56, 273–274.

Sejrup, H.P., Hjelstuen, B.O., Dahlgren, K.T., Haflidason, H., Kuijpers, A., Nygård, A., Praeg, D., Stoker, M.S., Vorren, T.O., 2005. Pleistocene glacial history of the NW European continental margin. Marine and Petroleum Geology 22, 1111-1129.

Sejrup, H.P., Nygård, A., Hall, A.M., Haflidason, H., 2009. Middle and Late Weichselian (Devensian) glaciation history of south western Norway, North Sea and eastern UK. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 370-380.

Selley, R.C., 1992. Petroleum seepages in Britain. Marine and Petroleum Geology 9, 226–244.

Seranne, M., 1992. Devonian extensional tectonics. Journal of the Geological Society 149, 27–37.

Shackleton, N.J., Backman, J., et al., 1984. Oxygen isotope calibration. Nature 307, 620–623.

Simpson, I.A., 1993–1997. (All entries alphabetised under S).

Sommerville, A.A., Sanderson, D.C.W., Hansom, J.D. & Housley, R.A., 2001. Luminescence dating. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 913–919.

Štolfová, K. & Shannon, P.M., 2009. Permo–Triassic development. Geological Journal 44, 652–676.

Stoker, M., 2002. Late Neogene development of the UK Atlantic margin. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 196, 313-329.

Stoker, M.S., 1997. Mid-to late Cenozoic sedimentation on the continental margin off NW Britain. Journal of the Geological Society 154, 509-515.

Stoker, M.S., 2002. Late Neogene development of the UK Atlantic margin. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 196, 313-329.

Stoker, M.S., Bent, A.J.A., 1985. Middle Pleistocene glacial and glaciomarine sedimentation in the west central North Sea. Boreas 14, 325-332.

Stoker, M.S., Bent, A.J.A., 1987. Lower Pleistocene deltaic and marine sediments in boreholes from the central North Sea. Journal of Quaternary Science 2, 87-96.

Stoker, M.S., Holford, S.P., Hillis, R.R., Green, P.F., Duddy, I.R., 2010. Cenozoic post-rift sedimentation off northwest Britain: Recording the detritus of episodic uplift on a passive continental margin. Geology 38, 595-598.

Stoker, M.S., Praeg, D., Shannon, P.M., Hjelstuen, B.O., Laberg, J.S., Nielsen, T., van Weering, T.C.E., Sejrup, H.P., Evans, D., 2005. Neogene evolution of the Atlantic continental margin of NW Europe (Lofoten Islands to SW Ireland): anything but passive, in: Doré, A.G., Vining, B.A. (Eds.), Petroleum Geology: North-West Europe and Global Perspectives (PGC6). Geological Society, London, pp. 1057-1076.

Storetvedt, K.M. (All entries alphabetised under S).

Strachan, R.A., 2003. Metamorphic basement geology of Orkney. Scottish Journal of Geology 39, 145–151.

Sutherland, D.G., 1991–1993. (All entries alphabetised under S).

Tang, L., Jones, S. & Gluyas, J., 2018. Upper Devonian facies. Scottish Journal of Geology 54, 51–61.

Tassone, D.R., Holford, S.P., Stoker, M.S., Green, P., Johnson, H., Underhill, J.R., Hillis, R.R., 2014. Constraining Cenozoic exhumation in the Faroe-Shetland region using sonic transit time data. Basin Research 26, 38-72.

Tisdall, E.W., McCulloch, R.D., Sanderson, D.C.W., Simpson, I.A. & Woodward, N.L., 2013. Living with sand. Quaternary International 308–309, 205–215.

Tomasso, M., Underhill, J.R., Hodgkinson, R.A. & Young, M.J., 2008. Triassic structural styles. Marine and Petroleum Geology 25, 588–605.

Torbjørn Dahlgren, K.I., Vorren, T.O., Stoker, M.S., Nielsen, T., Nygård, A., Petter Sejrup, H., 2005. Late Cenozoic prograding wedges on the NW European continental margin: their formation and relationship to tectonics and climate. Marine and Petroleum Geology 22, 1089-1110.

Underhill, J.R., 2001. Paleogene palaeogeomorphic traps. Marine and Petroleum Geology 18, 259–281.

Upton, B.G.J., Mitchell, R.H., Long, A. & Aspen, P., 1992. Olivine melanephelinite dykes. Geological Magazine 129, 319–324.

Vega Leinert, A.C. de la, Keen, D.H., Jones, R.L., Wells, J.M. & Smith, D.E., 2000. Mid-Holocene changes in Bay of Skaill. Journal of Quaternary Science 15, 509–528.

Whiteside, D.I. & Marshall, J.E.A., 1985. Pre-Rhaetic mammals. Nature 318, 81–82.

Whittington, G., Edwards, K.J., Zanchetta, G., et al., 2015. Lateglacial and early Holocene climates. Quaternary Science Reviews 122, 112–130.

Wilkinson, M., 2017. Cenozoic erosion of the Scottish Highlands–Orkney–Shetland. Journal of the Geological Society 174, 209–216.

Wilson, G.V., Edwards, W., et al., 1935. The geology of the Orkneys. Geological Survey Memoir.

Woodman-Smith, B., 2004. High-magnitude wave impacts on rocky coasts. BSc thesis, Edinburgh.